Standardization of Polyherbal Formulations for Drug Analysis

Standardization of Polyherbal Formulations for Drug Analysis Standardization of polyherbal formulations is essential in order to assess the quality of drugs, based on the concentration of their active principles (markers or standards). As Mentat tablet (MT), a herbal formulation consist of natural multi-ingredient formula with active constituents responsible for treatment of neurological disorder and improvement of mental health, therefore it is worthwhile to take it as a model for standardization of polyherbal formulation. In this work, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 28 major bioactive constituents. Multiple-reaction monitoring scanning was employed for quantification in positive and negative mode. The analysis was accomplished on Waters AQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with linear gradient elution of acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid with water 0.1% formic acid solutions at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The comparative a nalysis of samples was carried out by hierarchical cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The proposed method was applied to analyze 4 different batches of marketed formulation with acceptable linearity (r2, 0.9984-0.9999), precision, stability and recovery (RSD ≠¤ 3.74 %), evaluated under optimum conditions. The developed method is capable of controlling quality of polyherbal formulations having similar markers and herbs. Herbal medicines (HMs) refer to one herb or complex mixtures, which usually contains hundreds of chemically different components. Their curative effects are principally based on the synergic effect of their multi-targeting and multi-ingredient preparations [1, 2]. Consequently, quality control becomes a troublesome issue for crude drugs and their medical preparations. Therefore, the method that employs pharmacologically active components to evaluate the quality and authenticity of the complex preparations is confronted with severe challenges and better analytical strategies to assure their efficacy, safety, and consistency are in great demand [3]. Moreover, the chemical compounds in the poly herbs in HMs products may vary depending on harvest seasons, plant origins, drying processes and other factors. Thus, it seems to be necessary to determine most of the phytochemical constituents of herbal products in order to ensure the reliability and repeatability of pharmacological and clinical research, to perceive their bioactivities and eventual side effects of active compounds and to enhance product quality control [4, 5]. Currently, selection of a single or a few specific components from a certain herbal medicine as markers for quality assessment is a widely applied strategy. However, it cannot afford sufficient quantitative information for the other medicinal compositions and cannot accurately reflect the quality of HMs products. All the HMs compositions play important roles in the therapeutic effects. Therefore, selecting multiple constituents from different medicinal herbs as evaluation markers has been gradually applied for the quality control of HMs [6, 7]. Mentat tablets (MT, commercial product) is a polyherbal medication with each tablet composed of extracts (136 mg of Bacopa monnieri, 70 mg of Centella asiatica, 52 mg of Withania somnifera, 52 mg of Evolvulus alsinoides, 52 mg of Nardostachys jatamansi, 50 mg of Valeriana wallichii, 50 mg of Embelica ribes, 50 mg of Prunus amygdalus, 42 mg of Acorus calamus, 36 mg of Tinospora cordifolia, 36 mg of Terminalia chebula, 36 mg of Emblica officinalis, 32 mg of Oroxylum indicum, 32 mg of Celastrus paniculatus) and powders (80 mg of Bacopa monnieri, 18 mg of Withania somnifera, 18 mg of Mucuna pruriens, 18 mg of Elettaria cardamomum, 18 mg of Terminalia arjuna, 18 mg of Anethum sowa, 18 mg of Ipomoea digitata, 14 mg of Zingiber officinale, 14 mg of Terminalia belerica, 14 mg of Myristica fragrans, 10 mg of Syzygium aromaticum). MT is a unique all-natural multi-ingredient formula that promotes brain health. It improves the mental quotient, memory span, concentration ability, stress threshold and exhibit significant anti-parkinsonian activity. MT also offers protection against convulsions, which is beneficial in insomnia with its sedative and tranquilizing effects [8-10]. There are various pharmaceutical manufacturers that produce herbal formulations with similar herbs combinations to treat various neurological disorders. Chemically, bacosides the saponin mixture of Bacopa monnieri and triterpenoid glycosides in Centella asiatica have been considered as the key active components. [11-14]. Phytochemical investigations show important classes of bioactive constituents in selected plants as in combination of MT that are responsible for the bioactivity [15-20]. Literature survey reveals that, analytical methods including thin layer chromatography (TLC) [21], high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) [22, 23], liquid chromatography (LC) [6, 24, 25], liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [26-29], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [30] have been developed for the quantitative analysis of the bioactive constituents in HMs to assess the quality of the complex preparations. Natural alteration in preparation processes and climate affects the safety and batch-to-batch uniformity of HMs products. Highly sensitive analytical methods are thus required to identify ingredients and evaluate lot-to-lot consistence. To the best of our knowledge, there is no method have been reported for the simultaneous estimation of selected 28 multi-markers in herbals by UPLC-ESI-MS/MSand no such formulation approach has been explored on this important drug combination for quality consistency evaluation of this herbal preparation. Compared to conventional TLC, HPTLC, HPLC–UV method which will take a longer analysis time, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), tandem MS scan mode offers detection effectively with more powerful approach, to rapidly quantify multi-ingredients in complex sample matrices due to its rapid separation power, low detection limit, high sensitivity, selectivity and specificity. The methods used or reported in literature only contained one or two compounds, without consideration of other active ingredients. This paper describes for the first time a simple, accurate and reliable UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 28 bioactive multiple components from different polyherbs including: bacoside A (mixture of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopaside X and bacopasaponin C), withanolide-A, withaferin-A, asiaticoside, madecassoside, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, magnoflorine, curcumin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rosamarinic acid, ursolic acid, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, corilagin, chrysin and chlorogenic acid with single runtime of 10 min. The results indicated that the developed method is fast, sensitive and convenient to show the real quality of the polyherbal preparations. Therefore, this proposed method could be reliable and feasible for quality assessment of MT and all other herbal formulations manufactured by various pharmaceutical manufacturers with similar herbs combinations containing either these 28 markers or less. The method was also applied to analyze the multiple components in MT different batches from same manufacturer. Our results will facilitate the comprehensive quality control of MT and other similar related preparations. The quantitative results were further analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis i.e., hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) to provide more information about the chemical differences and batch-to-batch uniformity.

How Tesco and Oxfam businesses are organised Essay

Tesco Tesco’s Hierarchical structure Tesco’s has a hierarchical organisation structure. Hierarchical structure has several level’s arranged in a treelike construction with the person with most power at the top and the lowest at the bottom E.G. Managing director at the top all the way to the bottom which is the quality guard manager and financial accountants. Hierarchical structure is mainly used in big companies like Tesco. The disadvantages of the hierarchical structure are that if the financial accountants have a problem it would take its time to get the message to the right person which is the managing director. So making decisions will take long to make as it would take a long time to go up the hierarchical structure to put the idea in place. Mainly the first instructions in a hierarchical structure will have to be the managing director because the person has the most power and be able to control the company and it will make its way down to the bottom. Oxfam Oxfam hierarchical structure Oxfam organisation structure is flatter than Tesco as there aren’t much of people working and organising the company. Oxfam organisational structure is geographical as they work around the world in and with alot of countries helping the less fortunate. The charity is controlled/run by a chairwoman who is in charge of a number of trustees who makes the main decisions in the company, So Oxfam structure is flat and it doesn’t take long. Whereas Tesco has to makes its way up in the hierarchy structure. Oxfam tries to keep the number of managers down and have more volunteers up. This is because Oxfam tries to keep the costs down as most of the trustees and volunteers don’t get paid.

10 Ways to Start Afresh This Year Essay

New Year’s Eve is all about looking back at your past and most importantly looking forward to your future. A new year always brings along a ray of sunshine and hope which makes us believe that no matter how amazing or terrible the past year was, this one will be much better! New Year is the time for new beginnings, so here is a list 10 resolutions which will hopefully mark 2013 as the best year you have had! See more: Homeless satire essay -Maliha Intikhab 1. Break a bad habit and make a good one You don’t have to start with a huge transition. Take baby steps, choose a bad habit of yours and slowly try to get rid of it. We, humans are living are living huge parts of our lives on auto pilot so breaking up a habit will only take you half way. From there, you have to try to build a new habit, but the good thing now is that you can consciously choose this one. 2. Organize yourself! Declutter all the mess in your room! Take some time to organize your closet, work area, or your drawers and you’ll notice that you will instantly feel relaxed. No matter how much you hate cleaning up, organizing your things  will always prove to be beneficial for you because this time you won’t have to sift through the pile of paper clutter in your drawer to find that English essay. 3. Do something different Do something that is completely out of character for you, not only would that really expand your horizons but you will also make lifelong memories. It could be something as easy as making friends with new people or something as crazy as sky diving or bungee jumping. Spend some time outside you comfort zone. Always remember, we only get to live once so better make the best of it. 4. Stop trying to be perfect! Perfection is actually a mind trap. Perfection means that you have reached the end of your journey, which in a human’s case is only possible when one is dead. Try to be better instead, because â€Å"better† will always leave room for improvement. And, perfection is really about embracing your imperfections, not hiding them. If everyone becomes â€Å"perfect†, then there will be no uniqueness, no individuality since our flaws are actually what make us rare. 5. Lighten Up I know all those exams are right around the corner, but trust me stressing out will get you nowhere. Instead, take a deep breath and calm down. Don’t pile your work up; give yourself a little break every now and then to just relax. You can be your worst enemy if you put pressure on yourself so why even do it? [pic] 6. Quit being a quitter Failure is not losing at something; it is giving up on something. Quitting something is not called starting over; it is called leaving something unfinished. We have to learn to take responsibilities. Do not give, keep fighting for your dreams. Then, even if I do not achieve my goal, I would still have the satisfaction that I tried my best. â€Å"If life gets you done, get right back up† 7. Spend less time online Now, I am not trying to be preachy here, but we spend way too much time improving our cyber social life than we spend on our real one. Instead of writing on someone’s wall, how about actually hanging out with them. I am not telling you to leave social media but just make sure you have a real social life. 8. Boost up your health routine No, I do not mean running on a treadmill until you run out of breath. I mean, slowly try to make your lives healthier. Instead of that pizza, how about have an apple for lunch. How about walking home rather than waiting for your driver to come pick you up. It is always these little things that make the biggest differences! 9. Set a list of goals Where would you like to see yourself in a year? Make a list of goals you want to achieve this year, and put it up somewhere you can see it every day. Statistics show that if you set goals for yourself, it makes it a lot more likely for you to achieve them. 10. Try to become a nicer person You do not have to start big, just complimenting your friend is good enough. Volunteer at your local hospital or at a retirement home. I can guarantee that it will be the best feeling in the world to know that you were the  reason behind someone’s smile.

Was the War in Vietnam Justified - 804 Words

Was the war in Vietnam justified? The Vietnam War was the longest war in the history of the United States it lasted from 1959-1975. Billions of dollars was spent trying to win and unwinnable war. Countless of lives were lost and America failed to achieve its objective. The origins of the war stem from the Indochina wars that occurred in the late 40s and early 50s. After many years of colonial war, the Viet Minh a communist group led by Ho Chi Minh sought independence for Vietnam. The French were not reluctant to let go of their crowning jewel without a fight. The French were aided militarily by the Unites States who sought the membership of France to the NATO and were willingly to provide as much aid to ensure that they won the war and Vietnam did not fall to communism. This led to an eight year war which culminated with the defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. A cease fire was issued and peace agreements known as the Geneva Accords where drawn during the 1954 Geneva Conference. The agreement issued a temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel which created a Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh and a democratic South Vietnam led by prime minister Ngo Dinh Diem. Vietnam was supposed to unify after the nationwide election of 1956 which Diem refuse to acknowledge. The United States began to support South Vietnam, but Diem proved to be a horrible leader and in 1963 was killed during a coup issued by John F. Kennedy. The National LiberationShow MoreRelatedWas America s Involvement Of The Vietnam War Justified?2172 Words   |  9 Pages Was America s Involvement of the Vietnam War Justified? Maddie Bove Mrs. Cronin Honors Modern World History: Period 1 25 April 2016 According to a survey of published by CNN of 2,108 American in May 2014, about 41% of the population believe that the United States has no authority to intervene in other countries internal conflicts. On the other hand, the rest of Americans deem foreign policy issues, such as imperializing, military intervention, and evangelizing, to be necessaryRead More The U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Was Justified Essay1759 Words   |  8 PagesThe U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Was Justified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam conflict has been known for being the most unpopular war in the history of the United States. The war of 1812, the Mexican war and the Korean conflict of the early 1950s were also opposed by large groups of the American people, but none of them generated the emotional anxiety and utter hatred that spawned Vietnam. The Vietnam war caused people to ask the question of sending our young people to die in places where they wereRead MoreWhen is war justified715 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿When is War Justified? War is justified and only justified when a nation is acting out of self-defense to protect their nation as a whole. One might argue that humanitarian wars or wars that are fought because they seem morally right are also justified. However, wars like these do not protect the interest of their nation as a whole, and are usually fought to establish political connections rather than to protect the nation. In the article, â€Å"When is War Justified?† by Elijah Sweete, he statesRead MoreUnited States Involvement in Vietnam Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Involvement in Vietnam Before 1939 Vietnam was a French colony but Vietnam was divided into three areas Tongking in the north, Annam and Cochin China in the south. During World War two the Japanese took control of Vietnam. But a very strong anti-Japanese movement called the Viet Minh emerged whose leader was called Ho Chi Mihn. The Viet Mihn took over the North of the country. But in 1945 the French arrived back in Vietnam wanting their Colony back. TheRead MoreA Justifiable War Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesA Justifiable War Was the booby-trap theirs or ours? And his question was the answer.-Bryan Alec Floyd. Throughout history there has been a countless number of wars. Some in the name of God or some other holy figure, others have been for noble things such as freedom, and some have been for simple things such as money and land, but for which one of these issues is it justifiable to lead men to their deaths for? When talking of just causes of warfare within the last thirty years manyRead MoreReflecting The Viewpoints of Time in Art Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pageswell as concepts such as war and violence, have acquired different connotations. During the 19th century, they had a positive connotation. With the occurrence of revolutions war and violence was justified under the ideals of patriotism and heroism. During the 21st century, society began to was in the process of developing a more sophisticated view. The century was even more violent than the 19th century with conflicts such as the worl d wars and in particular the Vietnam War. Yet they were no longerRead MoreThe Justification Of War And The Vietnam War792 Words   |  4 PagesJustification of War War has been a part of the United States for over one hundred year’s beginning with World War I. The United States citizens have been engrossed in the thought, â€Å"Is war justified?† The two war that are being focused on in this paper are The Afghanistan War and the Vietnam War. It both wars could have had a peaceful protest to overcome the conflict at hand or have a meeting to talk about communism in the Vietnam War or Terrorism in the Afghan War. The right time for war is a fine lineRead More`` If I Die By Tim O Brien884 Words   |  4 Pagescourageous by staying and fighting even though he is fighting a war in which he deems as wrongly conceived and poorly justified, or be courageous by standing for what he believes is ethical but become a deserter. Through the influence of others and self-contemplation of the definition of courage, O’Brien exemplifies the extremity in which America viewed courage as a necessary characteristic for an American soldier to possess during the Vietnam War. Through the course of the novel, O’Brien attempts to discoverRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam War was one of the first wars to be broadcasted in one’s own living room. It is also one of the most misconstrued and misunderstood wars that have resulted in American defeat. Being one of the longest wars fought in history, it has left many questioning the motivation behind the conflict that spanned two decades before being resolved. Despite being a conflict between North and South Vietnam, the United States decided to enter the war in spite of being faced with opposition from its citizensRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy : A War On Poverty And The So Called Great Society1021 Words   |  5 Pagesannounced his New Frontier domestic program. During his presidency, he was not able to implement his promises successfully. â€Å"Without a clear Democratic majority in Congress he was unable to increase federal aid to education, provide he alth insurance for the aged, create a cabinet-level department of urban affairs, or expand civil rights† (Tindall and Shi 1050). His successor Johnson, committed to New Deal Democratic Liberalism, launched a War on Poverty and the so-called Great Society, a large array of social